Popular health surveillance in traditional fishing communities and the ecology of knowledges in the fight against COVID-19. / Vigilância popular da saúde nas comunidades pesqueiras tradicionais e ecologia dos saberes no enfrentamento à COVID-19.

Considering the public health emergency of international importance caused by COVID-19, artisanal fishing workers, engaging in a dialogue with Brazilian leaders and scholars, created an Observatory on the impacts of this pandemic on fishing communities in March 2020. The purpose of this article is to analyze the experience of popular surveillance of fishermen and fisherwomen's health through daily reports produced at the Observatory. It is a monitoring process that allowed broadening the recognition of the diversity of vulnerable populations' ways of life that intertwine health, environment and work. The study used a qualitative, horizontal and emancipatory methodology and sought approaches to the practice of the ecology of knowledges, with the following results: shared construction of information and knowledges based on heterogeneous social experiences; practice of collective ombudsman with the appreciation of knowledges built in social struggles); joint assessment of public health inequities, territorial conflicts, and environmental, structural, and institutional racism; guidance of social leaders and fundraising through public notices. Thus, the dynamics and horizontality of learning based on solidarity and social emancipation from inter-knowledge are revealed.

Diante da emergência em saúde pública de importância internacional provocada pela COVID-19, trabalhadores da pesca artesanal, em diálogo com lideranças e acadêmicos brasileiros criaram, em março de 2020, um Observatório sobre os impactos dessa pandemia em comunidades pesqueiras. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a experiência de vigilância popular da saúde de pescadores e pescadoras através de boletins diários produzidos no Observatório. Trata-se de um processo de monitoramento que possibilitou ampliar o reconhecimento da diversidade de modos de vida das populações vulneráveis que entrelaça saúde, ambiente e trabalho. O estudo utilizou metodologia qualitativa, horizontal e emancipatória e buscou aproximações à prática da ecologia dos saberes, tendo como resultados: construção compartilhada de informações e conhecimentos com base em experiências sociais heterogêneas; prática da ouvidoria coletiva com a valorização de saberes construídos nas lutas sociais; avaliação conjunta de iniquidades em saúde pública, conflitos territoriais e racismo ambiental, estrutural e institucional; orientação das lideranças sociais e captação de recursos através de editais públicos. Revela-se, assim, dinamicidade e horizontalidade de aprendizados com base na solidariedade e emancipação social a partir do interconhecimento.

Identifying the barriers and facilitators to culturally responsive HIV and PrEP screening for racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minoritized patients: A scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: While mainstream messaging about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disparities continues to highlight individual risk-taking behavior among historically marginalized groups, including racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minoritized patients, the effect of structural factors and social determinants of health (SDOH) on morbidity and mortality remain underestimated. Systemic barriers, including a failure of adequate and acceptable screening, play a significant role in the disparate rates of disease. Primary care practitioner (PCP) competency in culturally responsive screening practices is key to reducing the impact of structural factors on HIV rates and outcomes. To address this issue, a scoping review will be performed to inform the development of a training series and social marketing campaign to improve the competency of PCPs in this area. OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to analyze what recent literature identify as facilitators and barriers of culturally responsive HIV and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) screening practices for historically marginalized populations, specifically racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minoritized groups. A secondary aim is to identify themes and gaps in the literature to help guide future opportunities for research. METHODS: This scoping review will be performed following the framework set forth by Arksey and O'Malley and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Relevant studies between the years 2019-2022 will be identified using a rigorous search strategy across four databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane (CENTRAL; via Wiley), and CINAHL (via EBSCO), using Boolean and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search terms. Studies will be uploaded to the data extraction tool Covidence to remove duplicates and perform a title/abstract screening, followed by a full-text screening and data extraction. RESULTS: Data will be extracted and analyzed for themes related to culturally responsive HIV and PrEP screening practices in clinical encounters with the identified target populations. Results will be reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to use scoping methods to investigate barriers and facilitators to culturally responsive HIV and PrEP screening practices for racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minoritized populations. The limitations of this study include the analysis restrictions of a scoping review and the timeframe of this review. We anticipate that this study's findings will interest PCPs, public health professionals, community activists, patient populations, and researchers interested in culturally responsive care. The results of this scoping review will inform a practitioner-level intervention that will support culturally sensitive quality improvement of HIV-related prevention and care for patients from minoritized groups. Additionally, the themes and gaps found during analysis will guide future avenues of research related to this topic.

A survey of epidemic management data models.

The COVID-19 epidemic has demonstrated the important role that data plays in the response to and management of public health emergencies. It has also heightened awareness of the role that ontologies play in the design of semantically precise data models that improve data interoperability among stakeholders. This paper surveys vocabularies and ontologies relevant to the task of achieving epidemic-related data interoperability. The paper first reviews 16 vocabularies and ontologies with respect to the use cases. Next it identifies patterns of knowledge that are common across multiple vocabularies and ontologies, followed by an analysis of patterns that are missing, based on the use cases. Conclusions show that existing vocabularies and ontologies provide significant coverage of the concepts underlying epidemic use cases, but there remain gaps in the coverage. More work is required to cover missing but significant concepts.

[Long COVID : neurological aspects]. / Covid long : aspects neurologiques.

The study of post-COVID-19 symptomatology revealed a first wave of post-acute (persistence of symptoms less than 3 months) neurocognitive symptoms. However, some of these symptoms worsened, while others improved. To our knowledge, these symptoms may persist for up to 1 to 2 years after infection. The intensity, variability and persistence of neurocognitive symptoms may rise the hypotheses of accelerated neurodegenerative processes, as well as neuropsychiatric and/or genetic vulnerabilities that are still poorly understood. Moreover, the multi-organ manifestations of post-COVID-19 symptoms remind us of the importance of promoting an interdisciplinary perspective at both clinical and fundamental levels. Finally, many social and economic issues parallel to the neuropathological consequences remain to be investigated.

L'étude de la symptomatologie post-Covid-19 a permis de mettre en évidence une première vague de symptômes neurocognitifs postaigus (persistance des symptômes inférieurs à 3 mois). Certains se sont aggravés, tandis que d'autres se sont améliorés. Ils peuvent perdurer jusqu'à 1 à 2 ans après l'infection. L'intensité, la variabilité et la persistance des symptômes neurocognitifs pourraient suggérer des hypothèses d'accélération de processus neurodégénératifs et des vulnérabilités neuropsychiatriques et/ou génétiques encore mal comprises. De plus, les manifestations multi-organiques des symptômes post-Covid-19 nous rappellent l'importance de promouvoir une perspective multidisciplinaire sur les plans clinique et fondamental. Finalement, de nombreuses questions sociales et économiques parallèles aux conséquences neuropathologiques restent à investiguer.

Big knowledge visualization of the COVID-19 CIDO ontology evolution.

BACKGROUND: The extensive international research for medications and vaccines for the devastating COVID-19 pandemic requires a standard reference ontology. Among the current COVID-19 ontologies, the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO) is the largest one. Furthermore, it keeps growing very frequently. Researchers using CIDO as a reference ontology, need a quick update about the content added in a recent release to know how relevant the new concepts are to their research needs. Although CIDO is only a medium size ontology, it is still a large knowledge base posing a challenge for a user interested in obtaining the "big picture" of content changes between releases. Both a theoretical framework and a proper visualization are required to provide such a "big picture". METHODS: The child-of-based layout of the weighted aggregate partial-area taxonomy summarization network (WAT) provides a "big picture" convenient visualization of the content of an ontology. In this paper we address the "big picture" of content changes between two releases of an ontology. We introduce a new DIFF framework named Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy (DWAT) to display the differences between the WATs of two releases of an ontology. We use a layered approach which consists first of a DWAT of major subjects in CIDO, and then drill down a major subject of interest in the top-level DWAT to obtain a DWAT of secondary subjects and even further refined layers. RESULTS: A visualization of the Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy is demonstrated on the CIDO ontology. The evolution of CIDO between 2020 and 2022 is demonstrated in two perspectives. Drilling down for a DWAT of secondary subject networks is also demonstrated. We illustrate how the DWAT of CIDO provides insight into its evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The new Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy enables a layered approach to view the "big picture" of the changes in the content between two releases of an ontology.

The Effectiveness of Mobility Restrictions on Controlling the Spread of COVID-19 in a Resistant Population.

Human mobility plays an important role in the spread of COVID-19. Given this knowledge, countries implemented mobility-restricting policies. Concomitantly, as the pandemic progressed, population resistance to the virus increased via natural immunity and vaccination. We address the question: "What is the impact of mobility-restricting measures on a resistant population?" We consider two factors: different types of points of interest (POIs)-including transit stations, groceries and pharmacies, retail and recreation, workplaces, and parks-and the emergence of the Delta variant. We studied a group of 14 countries and estimated COVID-19 transmission based on the type of POI, the fraction of population resistance, and the presence of the Delta variant using a Pearson correlation between mobility and the growth rate of cases. We find that retail and recreation venues, transit stations, and workplaces are the POIs that benefit the most from mobility restrictions, mainly if the fraction of the population with resistance is below 25-30%. Groceries and pharmacies may benefit from mobility restrictions when the population resistance fraction is low, whereas in parks, there is little advantage to mobility-restricting measures. These results are consistent for both the original strain and the Delta variant; Omicron data were not included in this work.

Response to COVID-19 recommended preventive behavioral messages among Guraghe zone communities, South Ethiopia: using constructs of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM).

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 is a pandemic disease. Countries should take standard measures and responses to battle the effects of the viruses. However, little is known in Ethiopia regarding the recommended preventive behavioral messages responses. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the response to COVID-19 recommended preventive behavioral messages. METHODS: Community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out from 1 to 20, July 2020. We recruited 634 respondents by using a systematic sampling method. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package Software for Social Sciences version 23. Association between variables were explored using a bivariable and multi variable logistic regression model. The strength of the association is presented using odds ratio and regression coefficient with 95% confidence interval. A p-value of less than 0.05 was declared statistically significant. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-six (53.1%) of respondents had good response to recommended preventive behavioral messages. The general precise rate of the knowledge questionnaire was 92.21%. The study showed that merchant was 1.86 (p ≈ 0.01) times more likely respond to COVID-19 recommended preventive behavioral messages than government-employed. Respondents who scored one unit increase for self-efficacy and response-efficacy, the odds of responding to COVID-19 recommended preventive behavioral messages were increased by 1.22 (p < 0.001), and 1.05 times (p = 0.002) respectively. Respondents who scored one unit increase to cues to action, the odds of responding to COVID-19 recommended preventive behavioral messages were 43% (p < 0.001) less likely. CONCLUSION: Even though respondents were highly knowledgeable about COVID-19, there is a lower level of applying response to recommended preventive behavioral messages. Merchant, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and cues to action were significantly associated with response to recommended preventive behavioral messages. Like merchants, government employer should be applying preventive behavioral messages and also, participants' self and response efficacy should be strengthened to improve the response. In addition, we should be changed or modified the way how-to deliver relevant information, promoting awareness, and also using appropriate reminder systems to preventive behavioral messages.

COVID-19 in children: From afterthought to unknown.

Children were initially considered unsusceptible to severe COVID-19. Our knowledge after two years has changed dramatically, but there are still many unknowns. Here, we report the current knowledge about why children generally experience a milder COVID-19 course and highlight research questions about pediatric infection that require answers.

An overview of the vaccine platforms to combat COVID-19 with a focus on the subunit vaccines.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus that has caused the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic. The current approved COVID-19 vaccines have shown considerable efficiency against hospitalization and death. However, the continuation of the pandemic for more than two years and the likelihood of new strain emergence despite the global rollout of vaccination highlight the immediate need for the development and improvement of vaccines. mRNA, viral vector, and inactivated virus vaccine platforms were the first members of the worldwide approved vaccine list. Subunit vaccines. which are vaccines based on synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins, have been used in lower numbers and limited countries. The unavoidable advantages of this platform, including safety and precise immune targeting, make it a promising vaccine with wider global use in the near future. This review article summarizes the current knowledge on different vaccine platforms, focusing on the subunit vaccines and their clinical trial advancements against COVID-19.

Integrated multiomics analysis to infer COVID-19 biological insights.

Three years after the pandemic, we still have an imprecise comprehension of the pathogen landscape and we are left with an urgent need for early detection methods and effective therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. The implications of infection go beyond pulmonary damage since the virus hijacks the host's cellular machinery and consumes its resources. Here, we profiled the plasma proteome and metabolome of a cohort of 57 control and severe COVID-19 cases using high-resolution mass spectrometry. We analyzed their proteome and metabolome profiles with multiple depths and methodologies as conventional single omics analysis and other multi-omics integrative methods to obtain the most comprehensive method that portrays an in-depth molecular landscape of the disease. Our findings revealed that integrating the knowledge-based and statistical-based techniques (knowledge-statistical network) outperformed other methods not only on the pathway detection level but even on the number of features detected within pathways. The versatile usage of this approach could provide us with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind any biological system and provide multi-dimensional therapeutic solutions by simultaneously targeting more than one pathogenic factor.

Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation through an Online Game Based on the Inoculation Theory: Analyzing the Mediating Effects of Perceived Threat and Persuasion Knowledge.

The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by the rapid spread of misinformation through social media platforms. This study attempted to develop an online fake news game based on the inoculation theory, applicable to the pandemic context, and aimed at enhancing misinformation discrimination. It also tested whether perceived threat and persuasion knowledge serve as underlying mechanisms of the effects of the intervention on misinformation discrimination. In Study 1, we used online priming to examine the influence of inoculation on misinformation discrimination. In Study 2, we developed an online fake-news-game-based intervention and attempted to validate its effectiveness through a randomized controlled trial while also exploring the mediating roles of perceived threat and persuasion knowledge. In Study 1, brief inoculation information priming significantly enhanced the ability to recognize misinformation (F(2.502) = 8.321, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.032). In Study 2, the five-day game-based intervention significantly enhanced the ability to recognize misinformation (F(2.322) = 3.301, p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.020). The mediation effect of persuasion knowledge was significant (ß = 0.025, SE = 0.016, 95% CI = [0.034, 0.075]), while that of perceived threat was not significant. Online interventions based on the inoculation theory are effective in enhancing misinformation discrimination, and one of the underlying mechanisms of this effect lies in its promotion of persuasion knowledge.

Age differences in knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This study aims at describing the evolution of Spanish population preventive practices during the COVID-19 pandemic of the between January and June 2021, and differences by age group. Data was drawn from the COSMO-Spain online survey, rounds (R) 4, 5 and 6. Multiple linear regression models with preventive practices as dependent variable were performed. Preventive practices (p = 0.001) and concern about coronavirus (p = 0.003) decreased throughout the three rounds, knowledge decreased from R4 to R6 (p = 0.002) and health literacy had a higher value in R6 (p < 0.001). Older the age was associated with higher the frequency of preventive practices, and levels of health literacy and concern about coronavirus (p < 0.001). The regression model showed that, in the 18-29 year group, a greater frequency of preventive practices was associated with being female (ß = 0.20; p < 0.001), greater concern about coronavirus (ß = 0.16; p < 0.018) and frequency of information seeking (ß = 0.24; p < 0.001). For 61 years old and older, a higher frequency of preventive practices was associated with greater concern about coronavirus (ß = 0.21; p < 0.002) and lower pandemic fatigue (ß = - 0.13; p < 0.037). These findings point to the need for effective public health interventions tailored to the characteristics of age population groups.

Comparing two different schedules of online learning for updated cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines in Covid-19 patients: A randomized study.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an evolving disease with newly generated evidence related to the clinical management of Covid-19 patients. We aimed to compare two online learning schedules for disseminating new cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines in terms of knowledge gain and acceptability among nurses. Methods In a prospective randomized controlled study, 61 nurses trained in comprehensive cardiopulmonary life support (CCLS) were randomized to synchronous (n=31) and asynchronous learning groups (n= 30). The enhanced training module on CPR (ETMCPR) prepared by a team of experts was used to impart training to the nurses. Baseline data and pre-intervention knowledge of participants were collected using a structured demographic sheet and knowledge questionnaire (25 items) in a google form. Nurses in the synchronous group were provided training using ETMCPR through a licensed Zoom platform, while the nurses in the asynchronous group had access to the uploaded ETMCPR module in the e-learning platform. At the end of the intervention, the knowledge of the nurses was assessed along with their acceptability to the online learning schedule. Results Both schedules of online learning were effective in improving the knowledge scores of the nurses (11.93 [3.26] v. 21.15 [1.90], p=0.01 and 11.71 [3.12] v. 20.32 [1.71], p=0.01). The mean acceptability scores of nurses in the asynchronous group were statistically lower than in the synchronous group (38.93 [2.50] v. 42.5 [3.08], p=0.007). Conclusion Both synchronous and asynchronous schedules of online learning were effective in disseminating updated CPR guidelines; however, nurses in the synchronous group were more satisfied with the learning schedule.

Accessibility of HIV Services in Philadelphia: Location-Allocation Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: As the first step in the HIV care continuum, timely diagnosis is central to reducing transmission of the virus and ending the HIV epidemic. Studies have shown that distance from a testing site is essential for ease of access to services and educational material. This study shows how location-allocation analysis can be used to improve allocation of HIV testing services utilizing existing publicly available data from 2015 to 2019 on HIV prevalence, testing site location, and factors related to HIV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. METHODS: The ArcGIS Location-Allocation analytic tool was used to calculate locations for HIV testing sites using a method that minimizes the distance between demand-point locations and service facilities. ZIP code level demand was initially specified on the basis of the percentage of late HIV diagnoses and in a sensitivity analysis on the basis of a composite of multiple factors. Travel time and distance from demand to facilities determined the facility location allocation. This analysis was conducted from 2021 to 2022. RESULTS: Compared with the 37 facilities located in 20 (43%) Philadelphia ZIP codes, the model proposed reallocating testing facilities to 37 (79%) ZIP codes using percent late diagnoses to define demand. On average, this would reduce distance to the facilities by 65% and travel time to the facilities by 56%. Results using the sensitivity analysis were similar. CONCLUSIONS: A wider distribution of HIV testing services across the city of Philadelphia may reduce distance and travel time to facilities, improve accessibility of testing, and in turn increase the percentage of people with knowledge of their status.

e-TSN: an interactive visual exploration platform for target-disease knowledge mapping from literature.

Target discovery and identification processes are driven by the increasing amount of biomedical data. The vast numbers of unstructured texts of biomedical publications provide a rich source of knowledge for drug target discovery research and demand the development of specific algorithms or tools to facilitate finding disease genes and proteins. Text mining is a method that can automatically mine helpful information related to drug target discovery from massive biomedical literature. However, there is a substantial lag between biomedical publications and the subsequent abstraction of information extracted by text mining to databases. The knowledge graph is introduced to integrate heterogeneous biomedical data. Here, we describe e-TSN (Target significance and novelty explorer, http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/etsn/), a knowledge visualization web server integrating the largest database of associations between targets and diseases from the full scientific literature by constructing significance and novelty scoring methods based on bibliometric statistics. The platform aims to visualize target-disease knowledge graphs to assist in prioritizing candidate disease-related proteins. Approved drugs and associated bioactivities for each interested target are also provided to facilitate the visualization of drug-target relationships. In summary, e-TSN is a fast and customizable visualization resource for investigating and analyzing the intricate target-disease networks, which could help researchers understand the mechanisms underlying complex disease phenotypes and improve the drug discovery and development efficiency, especially for the unexpected outbreak of infectious disease pandemics like COVID-19.